凤眼莲在净化废水方面的应用

本文初步探讨了凤眼莲在净化废水方面的应用效果。结果表明，凤眼莲对生活废水具有较强的适应能力和净化效果。同时，其经特殊的处理后钻井废水中也能较正常生长、繁殖，并起一定的净化作用。文中就废水pH对凤眼莲的影响作了初步实验探讨，对凤眼莲净化废水机理也作了简述。     

凤眼莲根系分泌物对栅藻结构及代谢的影响

研究了凤眼莲（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｎｉａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ）根系分泌物对栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓ ａｒｃｕａｔｕｓ Ｌｅｍｍ）超微结构及生长代谢的影响，结果显示，凤眼莲对栅藻有明显的克生作用，藻的数量逐步减少，栅藻生长受影响后，细胞中绿体片层肿用甚至解体，线粒体嵴消失，质膜、核膜受破坏，光合放氧化速度明显下降，可溶性蛋白折含量四天后４线下降，超氧阴离子（Ｏ２－）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量上升，知值都     

凤眼莲根系丙酮提取物抑制赤潮藻类生长的机制研究

为了探讨凤眼莲根系丙酮提取物抑制塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长的机制,筛选和发现新的、高效、低毒或无毒、能迅速控制赤潮生物生长的除藻剂.对比分析了凤眼莲根系丙酮提取物中不同物质的抑藻效果,探讨了凤眼莲根系丙酮提取物抑藻的主要化学基础.通过考查主要抑藻物质对藻细胞可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响,探讨其抑藻机理.结果表明,浓度高于5 mg·L-1以上的N-苯基-2-萘胺,3 d后能保持对塔玛亚历山大藻抑制率超过50%;浓度为70μL·L-1的亚油酸对塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制率约为40%;浓度为70 μL·L-1的壬酸第3天可以达到85%的抑藻率,但随后藻密度有反弹.实验浓度范围内的亚油酸甘油酯和丙酰胺对塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制作用不明显.培养液中加入一定量N-苯基-2-萘胺后,藻体中的可溶性蛋白质和丙二醛含量有应激性升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力呈下降趋势.研究结果表明,N-苯基-2-萘胺可能是凤眼莲根系丙酮提取物中的主要抑藻物质;其可能通过自由基反应破坏藻细胞的结构,从而达到抑藻效果.     

水生植物生物能在苏州市CO2减排中的作用

苏州市的CO2排放量在逐年上升,CO2减排工作任务艰巨。开发无污染的新能源替代化石燃料是CO2减排的一种思路。苏州作为一个江南水乡城市,水资源丰富,水生植物生长旺盛。主要探讨了水生植物(包括藻类和水葫芦)生物能在苏州市CO2减排中的作用。通过粗略估算,藻类和水葫芦产生的年生物能(折算为标准煤)1 200.35万t,大约占苏州年总能耗的四分之一,即可以减少大约四分之一的CO2排放。因此,水生植物生物能在苏州市CO2减排中具有重要的作用。     

Physicochemical properties of non-living water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and lesser duckweed (Lemna minor) and their influence on the As(V) adsorption processes

Eichhornia crassipes (Ec) and Lemna minor (Lm) are aquatic plants. They are considered as weeds of the water and approach being a scourge in many parts of the world, choking waterways and hindering transport upon them. At the same time they are known to readily remove heavy metal ions from water. This paper considers the use of non-living plants as novel and inexpensive biosorbent for the removal of As(V) from watersheds. In the first place they were conditioned and characterised to determine their physicochemical and surface properties and in the second place their adsorption properties for As(V) from aqueous solution were evaluated considering the toxicity of this metalloid in the environment. It describes the methodology to prepare the non-living biomasses; the physicochemical characterisation by SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA analyses and surface characterisation of Ec and Lm by specific surface, hydration kinetic, point of zero charge determination by mass titration, active site density and XPS analysis are described. Both studied biomasses were found to be potential bio-sorbents for arsenic ions from aqueous solution. According to their efficiency to remove arsenic, they can be used in a very low cost metalloid ions removal system.     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

Biological Control of Water Hyacinth Under Conditions of Maintenance Management: Can Herbicides and Insects Be Integrated?

Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi. We therefore sampled water hyacinth and weevil populations at 54 sites distributed statewide. Half were under maintenance control, half were not treated with herbicides. General site conditions were assessed, demographic data were collected on weevil and plant populations, the reproductive condition of the weevils was determined, and plant nutrient and proximate composition of water hyacinth leaves were analyzed. Water hyacinth infestations under maintenance control were minimal when compared to unmanaged sites. Likewise, on a population basis, all weevil cohorts were much lower due to the paucity of plants. Plants at unmanaged sites, where weevil intensities were much higher, suffered high levels of stress and showed low growth potential. Lower percentages of the female weevils were reproductive at unmanaged sites when compared to managed sites, so densities of reproductives and immatures were similar at both site types. Reproductive status of the weevils improved with increased plant quality. Plant quality, in turn, declined as stresses arising from weevil feeding increased. Plant quality was positively correlated with plant growth potential and flower production. Thus, maintenance control improved plant nutritive quality thereby inducing reproductive vigor of the weevils, but ensuring plant regrowth and the need for future control. This suggests that biological and herbicidal controls should be integrated, using herbicides to maintain water hyacinth infestations below management thresholds but in a manner that conserves biological control agent populations. This approach would lead to improved plant nutritional quality that would, in turn, stimulate reproduction in biological control agent populations.     

Impact of Fly Ash from Coal-Fired Power Stations in Delhi, with Particular Reference to Metal Contamination

Indraprastha Power Station (IPP Stn) and Rajghat Power House (RPH), owned by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, are both coal-fired power stations located on Ring Road in New Delhi. Ash content of the coal used ranges between 38–47%. The ash is collected in electrostatic precipitators which have an efficiency of 99.3% (IPP station), and 99.7% (RPH). There are instances of major dust pollution around the power stations from fly ash dispersal. The main method of disposal of fly ash from the power stations is by mixing with water, the resultant slurry is pumped through pipes to ash disposal ponds. The supernatant from these ponds is discharged into River Yamuna. Field studies have revealed large quantities of fly ash being deposited into the river. Local populations of Eichhornia crassipes have reduced dramatically between 1987–1995, with a marked reduction in the year 1994–1995. Field studies, conducted in January, 1995 have investigated the impact of fly ash dispersal in the Delhi region with particular reference to metal contamination. Elemental concentrations for a range of elements are determined by ICP-AES in fly ash and top soils along four transects from the power stations up to a distance of 8 km. The effects of fly ash leachates from the ash settling ponds on the river are determined by analyzing river overbank soils and vegetation for their elemental contents. It is concluded that fly ash dispersal from the stacks are a source of alkali, alkaline-earth and to some extent heavy metals in soils in the vicinity of the power stations, and enrichment of elements in river overbank soils are a result of discharge of fly ash leachates from ash disposal ponds. However, the impact from both these sources of metal contamination is not large enough to give cause for concern. Marked reduction in populations of Eichhornia crassipes downstream of the river where it receives leachates from the ash disposal ponds are attributed to turbidity of the ash pond leachates and metal toxicity. Elemental enrichment in the floodplain soils, as a result of fly ash particle deposition during monsoons, may enhance the horticultural value of these soils as is shown by a healthy cultivated crop of Brassica juncea.     

水生植物根系对多环芳烃(萘)吸附过程研究

对萘在水葫芦根系的吸附过程进行模拟研究 ,结果表明 ,新鲜水葫芦根系对萘不仅具有吸附作用 ,而且还具有吸收或根际微生物降解等作用 ;水葫芦根系吸附萘的初始速率与浓度符合一级反应动力学 ;吸附过程可用Langmuir公式表示的单分子层吸附模型描述。     

滇池水葫芦生物防治的研究

安全性测定结果发现:在供试的具有代表性的24个科,46种植物中,水葫芦象甲只危害水葫芦,不危害其他任何的当地植物。控制效益实验表明:象甲成虫可大量取食水葫芦叶片和叶柄及茎杆,明显降低植株光合作用;象甲幼虫钻蛀茎杆,致使茎杆变黄植株枯萎,甚至茎杆根部腐烂死亡;象甲可十分有效地降低水葫芦植株的繁殖速率(t>0.01,差异十分显著);象甲还可明显抑制植株个体生长量(t>0.01,差异十分显著);象甲对水葫芦株高和根长也能起到明显的抑制作用。象甲在昆明地区一年发生2~3代,卵,幼虫,蛹和成虫均可正常生长发育,高海拔并不影响象甲的自然生长。